Scatter Plot

A scatter plot is a type of data visualization that uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables. It represents individual data points as dots on a graph, with each dot’s position indicating its corresponding values on the two variables being plotted.

Scatter plots are appropriate when the data contain a continuous response variable that directly depends on a continuous explanatory variable. If there is an additional categorical variable that the response variable depends on, shapes or colors can be used in the scatter plot to distinguish the categories. For large datasets (> 1 million points), consider using a density heatmap instead of a scatter plot.

What are scatter plots useful for?

Exploring relationships: Scatter plots are useful for exploring and visualizing the relationship between two continuous variables. By plotting the data points, you can quickly identify patterns, trends, or correlations between the variables. It helps in understanding how changes in one variable affect the other.
Outlier detection: Scatter plots are effective in identifying outliers or extreme values in a dataset. Outliers appear as points that deviate significantly from the general pattern of the data. By visualizing the data in a scatter plot, you can easily spot these outliers, which may be important in certain analyses.
Clustering analysis: If you suspect that your data might exhibit clusters or groups, a scatter plot can help you identify those clusters. By observing the distribution of the points, you can visually determine if there are distinct groups forming or if the points are evenly spread out.

Examples

A basic scatter plot

Visualize the relationship between two variables by passing each column name to the x and y arguments.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

scatter_plot = dx.scatter(iris, x="SepalWidth", y="SepalLength")

Scatter Plot Basic Example

Create a bubble plot

Use the size argument to resize the markers by a third quantitative variable. Such a plot is commonly called a bubble plot, where the size of each bubble corresponds to the value of the additional variable.

The size argument interprets the values in the given column as pixel size, so you may consider scaling or normalizing these values before creating the bubble chart.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

bubble_plot = dx.scatter(iris, x="SepalWidth", y="SepalLength", size="PetalLength")

Color markers by group

Denote groups of data by using the color of the markers as group indicators by passing the grouping column name to the by argument.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

scatter_plot_groups = dx.scatter(iris, x="SepalWidth", y="SepalLength", by="Species")

Customize these colors using the color_discrete_sequence or color_discrete_map arguments. Any CSS color name, hexadecimal color code, or set of RGB values will work.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

# use a list
custom_colors_1 = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    by="Species",
    # A list of colors to sequentially apply to one or more series
    # The colors loop if there are more series than colors
    color_discrete_sequence=["salmon", "#fffacd", "rgb(100,149,237)"]
)

# or a dictionary
custom_colors_2 = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    by="Species",
    # set each series to a specific color
    color_discrete_map={"virginica":"lemonchiffon", "setosa": "cornflowerblue", "versicolor":"#FA8173"}
)

# or, create a new table with a column of colors, and use that column for the color values
iris_with_custom_colors = iris.update(
    "example_colors = `rgb(` + Math.round(Math.random() * 255) + `,` + Math.round(Math.random() * 255) + `,`  + Math.round(Math.random() * 255) +`)`"
)

custom_colors_3 = dx.scatter(
    iris_with_custom_colors,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    by="example_colors",
    # When set to `identity`, the column data passed to the
    # grouping/color parameter will be used as the actual color
    color_discrete_map="identity"
)

Color markers by a continuous variable

Markers can also be colored by a continuous value by specifying the color_continuous_scale argument.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

scatter_plot_conts = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    by="PetalLength",
    # use any plotly express built in color scale name
    color_continuous_scale="viridis"
)

Or, supply your own custom color scale to color_continuous_scale.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

custom_colors_conts = dx.scatter_3d(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    by="PetalLength",
    # custom scale colors can be any valid browser css color
    color_continuous_scale=["lemonchiffon", "#FA8173", "rgb(201, 61, 44)"]
)

Unique symbols by group

Rather than using the color of the markers to visualize groups, you can use different symbols for each group with the symbol, symbol_map, or symbol_sequence arguments.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

# assign the grouping column to the `symbol` argument, and plotly will pick a symbol for each group
scatter_plot_symbol_1 = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    by="Species",
    # Assign symbols by group, shown using default symbol_sequence
    symbol="Species"
)

# or, assign a sequence of symbols to the `symbol_sequence` argument
scatter_plot_symbol_2 = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    # See list of available symbols.
    symbol_sequence=["diamond", "circle", "triangle"]
)

# use `symbol_map` to assign a particular symbol to each group
scatter_plot_symbol_3 = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    by="Species",
    # Using a map for symbols by value
    symbol="Species",
    symbol_map={"setosa":"cross", "versicolor":"pentagon", "virginica":"star"}
)

Rename axes

Use the labels argument or the xaxis_titles and yaxis_titles arguments to change the names of the axis labels.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

# pass a dict of axis names to the `labels` argument to rename the axes
scatter_plot_labels_1 = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    # relabel axes with a dict
    labels={"SepalWidth": "Sepal Width", "SepalLength": "Sepal Length"},
)

# or, pass a new label to each of `xaxis_titles` and `yaxis_titles`
scatter_plot_labels_2 = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    y="SepalLength",
    # relabel axes with separate strings
    xaxis_titles="Sepal Width",
    yaxis_titles="Sepal Length",
)

Marginals

Plot marginals are additional visual representations, like histograms or violin plots, displayed alongside the main plot to provide insights into the individual distributions of variables being analyzed. Use the marginal_x and marginal_y arguments to plot marginals.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

# histogram style marginals
scatter_marginal_histogram = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="PetalWidth",
    y="PetalLength",
    marginal_x="histogram",
    marginal_y="histogram",
)

# violin style marginals
scatter_marginal_violin = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="PetalWidth",
    y="PetalLength",
    marginal_x="violin",
    marginal_y="violin",
)

# box style marginals
scatter_marginal_box = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="PetalWidth",
    y="PetalLength",
    marginal_x="box",
    marginal_y="box",
)

Log axes

Use log_x or log_y to use log-scale axes in your plot.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

# create log axes
scatter_plot_log_axes = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="PetalWidth",
    y="PetalLength",
    log_x=True,
    log_y=True,
)

Rescale axes

Use range_x or range_y to set the range values of each axis explicitly.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

# set the axis range explicitly
scatter_plot_range_axes = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="PetalWidth",
    y="PetalLength",
    range_x=[0,5],
    range_y=[0,10],
)

Multiple Axes

You can create multiple axes on a single graph in a number of different ways depending on what you are trying to do. Axes can be created from columns, or by value from a column, of from multiple plots layered together.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
iris = dx.data.iris()

# create multiple axes from mulitple columns
scatter_plot_axes_titles = dx.scatter(
    iris,
    x="SepalWidth",
    # each y value becomes a seperate series
    y=["SepalLength", "PetalLength"],
    # position each axis for each series
    yaxis_sequence=[1, 2],
    # Label the axes
    xaxis_titles=["Sepal Width"],
    yaxis_titles=["Sepal Length", "Petal Length"],
)


# create multiple axes by values from a column
stocks_table = dx.data.stocks().where("sym in `DOG`, `CAT`")

scatter_stocks = dx.scatter(
    stocks_table,
    x="Timestamp",
    y="Price",
    by="Sym",
    # Apply each trace to a different axis
    yaxis_sequence=[1, 2],
    # Label each axis, where order is by first appearence in the data
    yaxis_titles=["CAT", "DOG"],
)

# create multiple axes from multiple tables using layers
layered_table = dx.data.iris() # import the example iris data set

# split into two tables by species
table_setosa = layered_table.where("Species = `setosa`")
table_versicolor = layered_table.where("Species = `versicolor`")

# layer two plots together, layout is inherited from the last table in the layer
layered_scatter = dx.layer(
    # scatter plot from table 1
    dx.scatter(
        table_setosa,
        x="PetalWidth",
        y="PetalLength",
        color_discrete_sequence=["salmon"],
    ),
    # scatter from table 2
    dx.scatter(
        table_versicolor,
        x="PetalWidth",
        y="PetalLength",
        color_discrete_sequence=["lemonchiffon"],
        # place this trace on a secondary axis
        yaxis_sequence=[2],
        # set the titles for both axes, as layer inherits from this layout
        yaxis_titles=["Versicolor Petal Length","Setosa Petal Length"]
    )
)

Layer event markers

Combines a line plot and a scatter plot to use as event markers indicating the maximum peak in each series.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx

iris = dx.data.iris()  # import the example iris data set
# find the max peaks of each series to use as our example markers
marker_table = iris.select(["Species", "PetalLength", "Timestamp"]).join(
    iris.select(["Species", "PetalLength"]).max_by("Species"),
    on=["Species", "PetalLength"],
)

# layer  as scatter on a line plot
scatter_as_markers = dx.layer(
    # create a scatter plot to use as markers
    dx.scatter(
        marker_table,
        x="Timestamp",
        y="PetalLength",
        symbol_sequence=["x"],
        size_sequence=[15],
        hover_name="Species",
        color_discrete_sequence=["#FFF"],
    ),
    # layer it with a line plot
    dx.line(
        iris,
        x="Timestamp",
        y="PetalLength",
        by="Species",
    ),
)

Large data sets

Deephaven’s scatter plots can comfortably render around 0.5 - 1 million points before performance of the browser will begin to degrade. For large datasets under 1 million observations, setting an appropriate marker opacity and/or marker size can provide a much clearer picture of the data. If the number of points is expected to exceed 1 million, consider employing a density heatmap as an alternative visualization method, which can easily summarize billions of data points in a single plot.

from deephaven.plot import express as dx
from deephaven import empty_table

large_data = empty_table(1_000_000).update([
   "X = 50 + 25 * cos(i * Math.PI / 180)",
   "Y = 50 + 25 * sin(i * Math.PI / 180)",
])

# heatmap can be a good alternative to scatter plots with many points
heatmap_replacement = dx.density_heatmap(large_data, x="X", y="Y", range_bins_x=[0,100], range_bins_y=[0,100])

# alternatively, consider a scatter plot with reduced opacity
scatter_plot_opacity = dx.scatter(large_data, x="X", y="Y", range_x=[0,100], range_y=[0,100], opacity=0.01)

Calendar

Scatter plots take a calendar argument. Dates and times are excluded from axes so that they conform to the calendar.

import deephaven.plot.express as dx
from deephaven.calendar import calendar, set_calendar

cal_name = "USNYSE_EXAMPLE"
cal = calendar(cal_name)
set_calendar(cal_name)

stocks = dx.data.stocks(starting_time="2018-06-01T09:27:00 ET")

dog_prices = stocks.where("Sym = `DOG`")

# plot with a specific calendar by name
scatter_plot_cal_name = dx.scatter(
    dog_prices, x="Timestamp", y="Price", calendar=cal_name
)

# plot with a specific calendar by name on the y-axis
scatter_plot_cal_y = dx.scatter(dog_prices, x="Price", y="Timestamp", calendar=cal_name)

# plot with a specific calendar object
scatter_plot_cal = dx.scatter(dog_prices, x="Timestamp", y="Price", calendar=cal)

# plot with the default calendar
scatter_plot_default = dx.scatter(dog_prices, x="Timestamp", y="Price", calendar=True)

API Reference

Returns a scatter chart

Returns: DeephavenFigure A DeephavenFigure that contains the scatter chart

Parameters	Type	Default	Description
table	PartitionedTable \| Table \| DataFrame		A table to pull data from.
x	str \| list[str] \| None	None	A column or list of columns that contain x-axis values.
y	str \| list[str] \| None	None	A column or list of columns that contain y-axis values.
by	str \| list[str] \| None	None	A column or list of columns that contain values to plot the figure traces by. All values or combination of values map to a unique design. The variable by_vars specifies which design elements are used. This is overriden if any specialized design variables such as color are specified
by_vars	str \| list[str]	'color'	A string or list of string that contain design elements to plot by. Can contain size, line_dash, width, color, and symbol. If associated maps or sequences are specified, they are used to map by column values to designs. Otherwise, default values are used.
color	str \| list[str] \| None	None	A column or list of columns that contain color values. If only one column is passed, and it contains numeric values, the value is used as a value on a continuous color scale. Otherwise, the value is used for a plot by on color. See color_discrete_map for additional behaviors.
symbol	str \| list[str] \| None	None	A column or list of columns that contain symbol values. The value is used for a plot by on symbol. See color_discrete_map for additional behaviors.
size	str \| list[str] \| None	None	A column or list of columns that contain size values. If only one column is passed, and it contains numeric values, the value is used as a size. Otherwise, the value is used for a plot by on size. See size_map for additional behaviors.
error_x	str \| None	None	A column with x error bar values. These form the error bars in both the positive and negative direction if error_x_minus is not specified, and the error bars in only the positive direction if error_x_minus is specified. None can be used to specify no error bars on the corresponding series.
error_x_minus	str \| None	None	A column with x error bar values. These form the error bars in the negative direction, and are ignored if error_x is not specified.
error_y	str \| None	None	A column with x error bar values. These form the error bars in both the positive and negative direction if error_y_minus is not specified, and the error bars in only the positive direction if error_y_minus is specified. None can be used to specify no error bars on the corresponding series.
error_y_minus	str \| None	None	A column with y error bar values. These form the error bars in the negative direction, and are ignored if error_y is not specified.
text	str \| None	None	A column that contains text annotations.
hover_name	str \| None	None	A column that contains names to bold in the hover tooltip.
labels	dict[str, str] \| None	None	A dictionary of labels mapping columns to new labels.
color_discrete_sequence	list[str] \| None	None	A list of colors to sequentially apply to the series. The colors loop, so if there are more series than colors, colors will be reused.
color_discrete_map	str \| tuple[str, dict[str \| tuple[str], dict[str \| tuple[str], str]]] \| dict[str \| tuple[str], str] \| None	None	If dict, the keys should be strings of the column values (or a tuple of combinations of column values) which map to colors. If "identity", the values are taken as literal colors. If "by" or ("by", dict) where dict is as described above, the colors are forced to by
symbol_sequence	list[str] \| None	None	A list of symbols to sequentially apply to the markers in the series. The symbols loop, so if there are more series than symbols, symbols will be reused.
symbol_map	str \| tuple[str, dict[str \| tuple[str], dict[str \| tuple[str], str]]] \| dict[str \| tuple[str], str] \| None	None	If dict, the keys should be strings of the column values (or a tuple of combinations of column values) which map to symbols. If "identity", the values are taken as literal symbols. If "by" or ("by", dict) where dict is as described above, the symbols are forced to by
size_sequence	list[int] \| None	None	A list of sizes to sequentially apply to the markers in the series. The sizes loop, so if there are more series than symbols, sizes will be reused. This is overriden is "size" is specified.
size_map	str \| tuple[str, dict[str \| tuple[str], dict[str \| tuple[str], str]]] \| dict[str \| tuple[str], str] \| None	None	If dict, the keys should be strings of the column values (or a tuple of combinations of column values) which map to sizes. If "identity", the values are taken as literal sizes. If "by" or ("by", dict) where dict is as described above, the sizes are forced to by
xaxis_sequence	list[int] \| None	None	A list of x axes to assign series to. Odd numbers starting with 1 are created on the bottom x axis and even numbers starting with 2 are created on the top x axis. Axes are created up to the maximum number specified. The axes loop, so if there are more series than axes, axes will be reused.
yaxis_sequence	list[int] \| None	None	A list of y axes to assign series to. Odd numbers starting with 1 are created on the left y axis and even numbers starting with 2 are created on the top y axis. Axes are created up to the maximum number specified. The axes loop, so if there are more series than axes, axes will be reused.
color_continuous_scale	list[str] \| None	None	A list of colors for a continuous scale
range_color	list[float] \| None	None	A list of two numbers that form the endpoints of the color axis
color_continuous_midpoint	float \| None	None	A number that is the midpoint of the color axis
opacity	float \| None	None	Opacity to apply to all markers. 0 is completely transparent and 1 is completely opaque.
marginal_x	str \| None	None	The type of x-axis marginal; histogram, violin, rug, box
marginal_y	str \| None	None	The type of y-axis marginal; histogram, violin, rug, box
log_x	bool \| list[bool] \| None	False	A boolean or list of booleans that specify if the corresponding axis is a log axis or not. The booleans loop, so if there are more series than booleans, booleans will be reused.
log_y	bool \| list[bool]	False	A boolean or list of booleans that specify if the corresponding axis is a log axis or not. The booleans loop, so if there are more series than booleans, booleans will be reused.
range_x	list[int] \| list[list[int]] \| None	None	A list of two numbers or a list of lists of two numbers that specify the range of the x axes. None can be specified for no range The ranges loop, so if there are more axes than ranges, ranges will be reused.
range_y	list[int] \| list[list[int]] \| None	None	A list of two numbers or a list of lists of two numbers that specify the range of the y axes. None can be specified for no range The ranges loop, so if there are more axes than ranges, ranges will be reused.
yaxis_titles	list[str] \| None	None	A list of titles to sequentially apply to the y axes. The titles do not loop.
xaxis_titles	list[str] \| None	None	A list of titles to sequentially apply to the x axes. The titles do not loop.
title	str \| None	None	The title of the chart
template	str \| None	None	The template for the chart.
render_mode	str	'webgl'	Either "svg" or "webgl". The default is "webgl" as it leads to a more performant plot but there may be graphical bugs, in which case it is recommended to switch to "svg"
calendar	bool \| str \| Any	False	A boolean, BusinessCalendar or string that specifies a calendar to use for the chart. By default, False and no calendar is used. If True, the default calendar is used. If a string, the calendar with that name is used. If a BusinessCalendar is passed, that calendar is used. Note that if this is provided, render_mode is forced to "svg" as "webgl" is not supported.
unsafe_update_figure	Callable	<function default_callback>	An update function that takes a plotly figure as an argument and optionally returns a plotly figure. If a figure is not returned, the plotly figure passed will be assumed to be the return value. Used to add any custom changes to the underlying plotly figure. Note that the existing data traces should not be removed. This may lead to unexpected behavior if traces are modified in a way that break data mappings.